Which NIST publication defines requirements and standards for cryptography modules?

The correct answer is B. FIPS 140-2, as it specifically addresses the security requirements and standards for cryptographic modules used in federal applications and systems. FIPS, which stands for Federal Information Processing Standards, provides guidelines that ensure that cryptographic implementations are secure, which is crucial for protecting sensitive information. This publication outlines different security levels for cryptographic systems and mandates testing against these rigorous standards.

In contrast, the other options relate to different aspects of information security but do not focus explicitly on cryptographic modules. PCI DSS is centered around securing payment card information, ISO 27001 pertains to establishing and maintaining an information security management system (ISMS), and FedRAMP provides a standardized approach to security assessment, authorization, and continuous monitoring for cloud services. Each of these has its specific domain, but they do not define requirements and standards specifically for cryptographic modules like FIPS 140-2 does.