Which devices may require IP address assignments on a subnet for an e-commerce site?

In the context of an e-commerce site, the devices that require IP address assignments on a subnet include essential network services that facilitate proper communication and data transfer. The default gateway acts as an access point for devices on a subnet to communicate with external networks, making it crucial for routing traffic outside the local subnet. The Domain Name System (DNS) translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses, allowing clients to locate your e-commerce site readily. Network Time Protocol (NTP) synchronizes device clocks across the network to ensure proper logging, security protocols, and data integrity, which are especially important in transaction environments found in e-commerce.

These services are foundational to ensuring that clients can access the e-commerce platform reliably and securely. In contrast, while other options may represent aspects of network or security management, they do not align with the fundamental services that need direct IP address assignments in the subnet. For instance, while firewalls and routers are important for network security and traffic management, they do not directly require IP assignments within a subnet for the services an e-commerce site would provide to users. Similarly, software updates and SSL certificates pertain more to security and functionality rather than to address assignment on a subnet level. These distinctions clarify why the first option correctly identifies the necessary